What is the degree of variability in formal training for pediatric orthopedic surgeons performing scoliosis surgery? / ¿Cuál es el grado de variabilidad en la educación formal de los cirujanos ortopédicos pediátricos que realizan intervenciones quirúrgicas de escoliosis?

Abstract: Introduction: although pediatric orthopedic surgeons worldwide perform scoliosis surgery, the training received is variable and poorly understood. By surveying the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI), we aim to characterize this variability. Material and methods: in 2021, we distributed an anonymous online questionnaire to EPOS and SLAOTI. Results: 43% EPOS and 22% SLAOTI perform scoliosis procedures (p < 0.05). 18% EPOS and 2% SLAOTI performed > 35 procedures annually (p < 0.05). 70% EPOS and 27% SLAOTI received formal training in spinal deformity surgery (p < 0.005). Conclusions: results show significant differences in training and performance of scoliosis procedures between societies.

Resumen: Introducción: aunque muchos cirujanos ortopédicos pediátricos alrededor del mundo realizan cirugías para la escoliosis, el entrenamiento es variable y poco conocido. A través de encuestar a la Sociedad Europea de Ortopedia Pediátrica (EPOS) y a la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI) queremos caracterizar esta variabilidad. Material y métodos: distribuimos un cuestionario anónimo en 2021 a los miembros de EPOS y SLAOTI. Resultados: realizan las cirugías de escoliosis 43% de EPOS, en comparación con 22% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 18% de EPOS realizó > 35 cirugías al año, en comparación con 2% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 70% de EPOS y 27% de SLAOTI recibieron capacitación formal en cirugía de deformidades de la columna (p < 0.005). Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio subrayan las diferencias en el entrenamiento de las cirugías de escoliosis entre diferentes sociedades.

Sagittal balance and intervertebral disc composition in patients with low back pain.

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between quantitative T2 relaxation measurements of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) and spinopelvic parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. The study was approved by the Clinical Hospital of the Ribeirao Preto Medical School (USP) Ethics Committee, and written consent was obtained from all patients. A total of 455 IVDs from 91 consecutive patients with chronic low back pain were included in this prospective study. All subjects were assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale questionnaires and were confirmed to have no other spine diseases except disc degeneration. Spinopelvic parameters including the pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), global tilt (GT), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL), and lack of lumbar lordosis (LLL) were measured. The study group was categorized according to the Roussouly classification. Sagittal T2 maps were acquired to extract the IVD relaxation times, and the complete manual segmentation of IVDs at all levels was performed using Display® software. Lumbar IVD T2 relaxation times showed significant correlation with PT (P<0.01), GT (P<0.01), TPA (P<0.01), PI-LL (P=0.01), and LLL (P=0.01). No difference was noted between Roussouly subtypes regarding T2 relaxation times at any disc level. Data from questionnaires showed no correlation with T2 relaxation times. Global tilt and T1 pelvic angle were correlated with IVD composition changes (T2 relaxometry). There was no correlation between clinical symptoms and IVD T2 relaxation times.

What is the degree of variability in formal training for pediatric orthopedic surgeons performing scoliosis surgery?

INTRODUCTION: although pediatric orthopedic surgeons worldwide perform scoliosis surgery, the training received is variable and poorly understood. By surveying the European Pediatric Orthopedic Society (EPOS) and the Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI), we aim to characterize this variability. MATERIAL AND METHODS: in 2021, we distributed an anonymous online questionnaire to EPOS and SLAOTI. RESULTS: 43% EPOS and 22% SLAOTI perform scoliosis procedures (p < 0.05). 18% EPOS and 2% SLAOTI performed > 35 procedures annually (p < 0.05). 70% EPOS and 27% SLAOTI received formal training in spinal deformity surgery (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: results show significant differences in training and performance of scoliosis procedures between societies.

INTRODUCCIÓN: aunque muchos cirujanos ortopédicos pediátricos alrededor del mundo realizan cirugías para la escoliosis, el entrenamiento es variable y poco conocido. A través de encuestar a la Sociedad Europea de Ortopedia Pediátrica (EPOS) y a la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Ortopedia (SLAOTI) queremos caracterizar esta variabilidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: distribuimos un cuestionario anónimo en 2021 a los miembros de EPOS y SLAOTI. RESULTADOS: realizan las cirugías de escoliosis 43% de EPOS, en comparación con 22% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 18% de EPOS realizó > 35 cirugías al año, en comparación con 2% de SLAOTI (p < 0.05); 70% de EPOS y 27% de SLAOTI recibieron capacitación formal en cirugía de deformidades de la columna (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONES: los resultados de este estudio subrayan las diferencias en el entrenamiento de las cirugías de escoliosis entre diferentes sociedades.

Sagittal balance and intervertebral disc composition in patients with low back pain

The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between quantitative T2 relaxation measurements of lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) and spinopelvic parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. The study was approved by the Clinical Hospital of the Ribeirao Preto Medical School (USP) Ethics Committee, and written consent was obtained from all patients. A total of 455 IVDs from 91 consecutive patients with chronic low back pain were included in this prospective study. All subjects were assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index and visual analogue scale questionnaires and were confirmed to have no other spine diseases except disc degeneration. Spinopelvic parameters including the pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt (PT), sacral slope (SS), sagittal vertical axis (SVA), global tilt (GT), T1 pelvic angle (TPA), lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), pelvic incidence minus lumbar lordosis mismatch (PI-LL), and lack of lumbar lordosis (LLL) were measured. The study group was categorized according to the Roussouly classification. Sagittal T2 maps were acquired to extract the IVD relaxation times, and the complete manual segmentation of IVDs at all levels was performed using Display® software. Lumbar IVD T2 relaxation times showed significant correlation with PT (P<0.01), GT (P<0.01), TPA (P<0.01), PI-LL (P=0.01), and LLL (P=0.01). No difference was noted between Roussouly subtypes regarding T2 relaxation times at any disc level. Data from questionnaires showed no correlation with T2 relaxation times. Global tilt and T1 pelvic angle were correlated with IVD composition changes (T2 relaxometry). There was no correlation between clinical symptoms and IVD T2 relaxation times.

CT-guided hook-wire localization of pulmonary nodules in children prior to atypical resection by thoracoscopy: Practical aspects.

In the multidisciplinary treatment of pediatric oncologic patients, multiple imaging tests, biopsies, and resections are required for diagnosis, initial staging, and posterior restaging. In these patients, pulmonary nodules are not always metastases, so the correct diagnosis of these lesions affects their treatment and the patient's survival. Percutaneous localization of pulmonary nodules is key for two reasons: it enables the surgeon to resect the smallest amount of lung tissue possible and it guarantees that the nodule will be included in the resected specimen. Without percutaneous localization, it can be impossible to accomplish these two objectives in patients with very small nodules that are separated from the pleural surface and therefore impossible to see by thoracoscopy. This article reviews the technique for hook-wire localization of pulmonary nodules and the keys to ensuring the best results.

Self-limiting sternal tumors of childhood (SELSTOC): A diagnostic challenge.

INTRODUCTION: Self-limiting sternal tumors of childhood (SELSTOC) are rapidly growing sternal lesions that tend to resolve spontaneously. Patients have no history of infection, trauma, or neoplasms, and the most likely etiologyis an aseptic inflammatory reaction of unknown origin. The differential diagnosis includes a wide spectrum of lesions such as tumors, infections, malformations, or anatomic variants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analyzed all cases of sternal masses in pediatric patients seen between 2012 and 2019; five of these had findings compatible with SELSTOC. We retrospectively recorded patients' race, sex, age, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, imaging tests, treatment, and follow-up. RESULTS: We present five cases of rapidly growing sternal lesions whose clinical and radiological features are compatible with SELSTOC. In the absence of alarming symptoms and laboratory markers, watchful waiting could be an appropriate therapeutic approach. However, patients with some findings such as fever, elevated acute phase reactants, and/or comorbidities could require therapeutic interventions such as antibiotics or percutaneous drainage. In our series, depending on the clinical presentation and the patient's comorbidities, different therapeutic approaches were adopted (a conservative approach in two patients, antibiotics in three patients, and percutaneous drainage in one patient). In all cases, the sternal lesion was absent at discharge and/or at later follow-up visits. CONCLUSION: Radiologists and pediatricians must be aware of this entity and the different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to rapidly growing sternal lesions in pediatricpatients because recognizing SELSTOC can avoid unnecessary diagnostic tests and/or disproportionate therapeutic strategies.

Real-world data of fulvestrant as first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer.

Goals of endocrine therapy for advanced breast cancer (ABC) include prolonging survival rates, maintaining the quality of life, and delaying the initiation of chemotherapy. We evaluated the effectiveness of fulvestrant as first-line in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive ABC with relapse during or after adjuvant anti-estrogenic therapy in real-world settings. Retrospective, observational study involving 171 postmenopausal women with ER-positive ABC who received fulvestrant as first-line between January 2011 and May 2018 in Spanish hospitals. With a median follow-up of 31.4 months, the progression-free survival (PFS) with fulvestrant was 14.6 months. No differences were seen in the visceral metastatic (14.3 months) versus non-visceral (14.6 months) metastatic subgroup for PFS. Overall response rate and clinical benefit rate were 35.2% and 82.8%. Overall survival was 43.1 months. The duration of the clinical benefit was 19.2 months. Patients with ECOG performance status 0 at the start of treatment showed a significant greater clinical benefit rate and overall survival than with ECOG 1-2. Results in real-world settings are in concordance with randomized clinical trials. Fulvestrant continues to demonstrate clinical benefits in real-world settings and appears be well tolerated as first-line for the treatment of postmenopausal women with ER-positive ABC.

Pediatric chest X-rays during the COVID-19 pandemic. / Radiografía de tórax pediátrica en la era COVID.

BACKGROUND: An infectious disease caused by a new type of coronavirus that can manifest as an acute respiratory infection was discovered in China in mid-December 2019 and soon spread throughout the country and to the rest of the world. Although chest X-rays are the initial imaging technique of choice for low respiratory infections with or without dyspnea, few articles have reported the radiologic findings in children with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and chest X-ray findings in pediatric patients with signs and symptoms of respiratory infection attended at our hospital in March 2020. To analyze the frequency of COVID-19 compared to other respiratory infections, and to describe the radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included all children with clinical manifestations of respiratory infection (fever, rhinorrhea, cough, and/or dyspnea) that required chest X-rays in our hospital between March 1 and March 31. RESULTS: A total of 231 pediatric patients (90 (39%) girls and 141 (61%) boys; mean age, 4 y, range 1 month - 16 years) underwent chest X-rays for suspected respiratory infections. Most (88.4%) had mild symptoms; 29.9% had a family member positive for COVID-19 with symptoms similar to those of the patient. Nasal and/or throat swabs were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 with PCR in the 47 (20.3%) children who presented at the emergency department; 3 (6.3%) of these were positive. Microbiological analyses were done in 85 (36.8%) of all patients, finding infections due to pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 in 30 (35.3%). One of the patients with a PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 had urine infection due to E. coli and blood culture positive for S. viridans. Abnormalities were observed on X-rays in 73.2% of the patients. Peribronchial thickening was the most common abnormal finding, observed in 57% of patients. Parenchymal consolidations were observed in 38.5%, being bilateral in 29.2% and associated with pleural effusion in 3.3%. The interstitial lines were thickened in 7.3%, and 7.3% had ground-glass opacities. CONCLUSION: During March 2020, COVID-19 and other symptomatic respiratory infections were observed. The radiologic pattern of these infections is nonspecific, and chest X-rays alone are insufficient for the diagnosis. Children with clinical manifestations compatible with COVID-19 (with or without PCR confirmation of infection by SARS-CoV-2) had mild symptoms and most did not require admission or invasive mechanical ventilation. In a context of community transmission, the absence of a known epidemiological antecedent should not be a contraindication for PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2.

Practical management of pulmonary nodules in the most common pediatric tumors. / Manejo práctico de los nódulos pulmonares en las neoplasias pediátricas más frecuentes.

In pediatric patients with sarcomas, hepatoblastomas, or other types of primary tumors, lung metastases are often found at diagnosis or during follow-up. The wide variety of primary tumors and clinical situations makes management and follow-up of these patients challenging. Chest CT is the best way to detect the dissemination of disease to the lungs. Many pulmonary nodules are nonspecific, and many might not be pathological. Others have characteristics that make them suspicious. Although there are some general features that indicate that a pulmonary nodule is likely to be a metastasis, sometimes the meaning of these features depends on the primary tumor. Furthermore, metastases can develop during the course of the disease, and the protocols for follow-up are different for different primary tumors. We review the different protocols used at our hospital for the primary tumors that most often metastasize to the lungs, including the criteria for lung metastases and the follow-up for each primary tumor.

Radiografía de tórax pediátrica en la era COVID / Pediatric chest X-rays during the COVID-19 pandemic

INTRODUCCIÓN: A mediados de diciembre de 2019 se describió en China una enfermedad infecciosa causada por un nuevo tipo de coronavirus que provocaba infección respiratoria aguda y pronto se extendió por el país y por el resto del mundo. A pesar de que la radiografía de tórax es la prueba de elección inicial ante infecciones respiratorias bajas con o sin disnea, hay pocos artículos que describan los hallazgos radiológicos del niño con COVID-19. OBJETIVO: Describir las características clínicas, analíticas y los hallazgos en la radiografía de tórax de la población pediátrica atendida con clínica de infección respiratoria en nuestro hospital durante el mes de marzo. Analizar la frecuencia de COVID-19 frente a otras infecciones respiratorias y sus manifestaciones radiológicas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional transversal desde el 1 de marzo al 31 de marzo del 2020 de todos los niños con clínica de infección respiratoria (fiebre, rinorrea, tos y/o disnea) que han precisado radiografía de tórax en nuestro hospital. RESULTADOS: 231 niños precisaron radiografía de tórax por clínica de infección respiratoria, 90 (38,9%) niñas y 141 (61%) niños; rango de edad 1 mes-16 años, con una mediana de 4 años. La mayoría de los niños presentaron síntomas leves (88,4%). Un 29,9% de los niños presentaba ambiente epidémico familiar positivo con clínica respiratoria similar a la que presentaba el paciente. Se realizó test PCR SARS-CoV-2 a 47 de los niños que acudieron a la urgencia (20,3%), que fue positivo en 3 (6,3% de los testados). Se realizaron determinaciones microbiológicas al 36,8% (85/231), demostraron otros agentes infecciosos diferentes al SARS-CoV-2 en el 35,3% de los pacientes (30/85). Únicamente uno de los pacientes PCR positivo para SARS-CoV-2 presentó infección de orina por Escherichia coli y hemocultivo positivo para Streptococcus viridans. El 73,2% de los pacientes presentó algún tipo de alteración en la radiografía de tórax. Los engrosamientos peribronquiales fueron el hallazgo más común en el 57%. El 38,5% presentó consolidación parenquimatosa, que en un 29,2% fue bilateral y en un 3,3% asoció derrame pleural. Se demostró aumento de la trama intersticial en el 7,3%. El 7,3% se manifestó con opacidades en vidrio deslustrado. CONCLUSIÓN: Durante el mes de marzo coexistieron infecciones respiratorias sintomáticas COVID-19 y no COVID-19. El patrón radiológico de las infecciones respiratorias, incluida la COVID-19, no es específico y la radiografía en ningún caso fue suficiente para establecer el diagnóstico. Los niños con clínica respiratoria compatible con COVID-19, con o sin PCR confirmatoria, presentaron síntomas leves y en su mayoría no requirieron ingreso ni ventilación invasiva. En un entorno de transmisión comunitaria, la ausencia de antecedente epidemiológico conocido no debería ser una contraindicación para realizar estudio de PCR para SARS-CoV-2

BACKGROUND: An infectious disease caused by a new type of coronavirus that can manifest as an acute respiratory infection was discovered in China in mid-December 2019 and soon spread throughout the country and to the rest of the world. Although chest X-rays are the initial imaging technique of choice for low respiratory infections with or without dyspnea, few articles have reported the radiologic findings in children with COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical, laboratory, and chest X-ray findings in pediatric patients with signs and symptoms of respiratory infection attended at our hospital in March 2020. To analyze the frequency of COVID-19 compared to other respiratory infections, and to describe the radiologic manifestations of COVID-19 in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study included all children with clinical manifestations of respiratory infection (fever, rhinorrhea, cough, and/or dyspnea) that required chest X-rays in our hospital between March 1 and March 31. RESULTS: A total of 231 pediatric patients (90 (39%) girls and 141 (61%) boys; mean age, 4 y, range 1 month - 16 years) underwent chest X-rays for suspected respiratory infections. Most (88.4%) had mild symptoms; 29.9% had a family member positive for COVID-19 with symptoms similar to those of the patient. Nasal and/or throat swabs were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 with PCR in the 47 (20.3%) children who presented at the emergency department; 3 (6.3%) of these were positive. Microbiological analyses were done in 85 (36.8%) of all patients, finding infections due to pathogens other than SARS-CoV-2 in 30 (35.3%). One of the patients with a PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 had urine infection due to E. coli and blood culture positive for S. viridans. Abnormalities were observed on X-rays in 73.2% of the patients. Peribronchial thickening was the most common abnormal finding, observed in 57% of patients. Parenchymal consolidations were observed in 38.5%, being bilateral in 29.2% and associated with pleural effusion in 3.3%. The interstitial lines were thickened in 7.3%, and 7.3% had ground-glass opacities. CONCLUSION: During March 2020, COVID-19 and other symptomatic respiratory infections were observed. The radiologic pattern of these infections is nonspecific, and chest X-rays alone are insufficient for the diagnosis. Children with clinical manifestations compatible with COVID-19 (with or without PCR confirmation of infection by SARS-CoV-2) had mild symptoms and most did not require admission or invasive mechanical ventilation. In a context of community transmission, the absence of a known epidemiological antecedent should not be a contraindication for PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2

Breakthrough cancer pain: review and calls to action to improve its management.

In this paper, we review the current state of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP) management. BTcP is a heterogeneous condition and a global problem for cancer patients. It is often managed suboptimally, which results in a negative outcome for patients, healthcare providers, and healthcare systems. Several barriers to the appropriate management of BTcP have been identified. These include, among others, an incomplete definition of BTcP, poor training of healthcare providers and patients alike, a lack of a multidisciplinary approach and the absence of specific protocols and tools. We provide some actions to help physicians and patients improve their approach to BTcP, including specific training, the design of easy-to-use tools for BTcP identification and assessment (such as checklists and pocket-sized cards), individualized treatment, and the use of multidisciplinary teams.

Phonon dispersion in two-dimensional solids from atomic probability distributions.

We propose a harmonic linear response (HLR) method to calculate the phonon dispersion relations of two-dimensional layers from equilibrium simulations at finite temperatures. This HLR approach is based on the linear response of the system, as derived from the analysis of its centroid density in equilibrium path integral simulations. In the classical limit, this approach is closely related to those methods that study vibrational properties by the diagonalization of the covariance matrix of atomic fluctuations. The validity of the method is tested in the calculation of the phonon dispersion relations of a graphene monolayer, a graphene bilayer, and graphane. Anharmonic effects in the phonon dispersion relations of graphene are demonstrated by the calculation of the temperature dependence of the following observables: the kinetic energy of the carbon atoms, the vibrational frequency of the optical E2g mode, and the elastic moduli of the layer.

Surgical approach significantly affects the complication rates associated with total hip arthroplasty.

AIMS: A variety of surgical approaches are used for total hip arthroplasty (THA), all with reported advantages and disadvantages. A number of common complications can occur following THA regardless of the approach used. The purpose of this study was to compare five commonly used surgical approaches with respect to the incidence of surgery-related complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The electronic medical records of all patients who underwent primary elective THA at a single large-volume arthroplasty centre, between 2011 and 2016, with at least two years of follow-up, were reviewed. After exclusion, 3574 consecutive patients were included in the study. There were 1571 men (44.0%) and 2003 women (56.0%). Their mean age and body mass index (BMI) was 63.0 years (sd 11.8) and 29.1 kg/m2 (sd 6.1), respectively. Data gathered included the age of the patient, BMI, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of stay (LOS), operating time, the presence of intra- or postoperative complications, type of complication, and the surgical approach. The approaches used during the study were posterior, anterior, direct lateral, anterolateral, and the northern approach. The complications that were recorded included prolonged wound drainage without infection, superficial infection, deep infection, dislocation, aseptic loosening, and periprosthetic fracture. Finally, the need for re-operation was recorded. Means were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-tests where appropriate and proportions were compared using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: A total of 248 patients had 263 complications related to the surgery, with an incidence of 6.94%. The anterior approach had the highest incidence of complications (8.5% (113/1329)) and the posterior approach had the lowest, at 5.85% (97/1657; p = 0.006). Most complications were due to deep infection (22.8%), periprosthetic fracture (22.4%), and prolonged wound drainage (21.3%). The rate of dislocation was 0.84% (14/1657) with the posterior approach and 1.28% (17/1329) with the anterior approach (p = 0.32). CONCLUSION: Overall, THA has a relatively low complication rate. However, the surgical approach plays a role in the incidence of complications. We found that the posterior approach had a significantly lower overall complication rate compared with the anterior approach, with an equal dislocation rate. Periprosthetic fracture and surgical site infection contributed most to the early complication rates. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2019;101-B:646-651.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de los osteomas osteoides del retropié: un método terapéutico para cada caso / Diagnosis and treatment of hindfoot osteoid osteoma: A therapeutic method for each case

Objetivos: 1) Recordar el diagnóstico de los osteomas osteoides (OO) del pie; y 2)definir las indicaciones de su tratamiento en el retropié. Material y método: Se han revisado un total de 5 osteomas osteoides (3 localizados en el astrágalo y 2 en el calcáneo). El diagnóstico se estableció por datos clínicos y de imagen. En todos los casos se identificó un nidus calcificado en la TC, edema óseo perilesional en la RM y captación focal gammagráfica. Se realizaron 2 termoablaciones con ondas de radiofrecuencia y 3 resecciones: 2 abiertas y una artroscópica. Se evaluaron los resultados clínicos y oncológicos al final del seguimiento. Resultados: No se registró ninguna complicación. El resultado clínico fue excelente en todos los casos. Un paciente fue tratado inicialmente con cirugía abierta y, después, por fracaso del procedimiento, mediante termoablación. No hubo recidivas después de un tiempo medio de seguimiento de 4 años y 6 meses (rango: 1-12 años). Discusión: Los OO del retropié son poco frecuentes y su diagnóstico se basa en la conjunción de datos clínicos con los característicos hallazgos de imagen. El tratamiento depende del asiento del nidus y de las relaciones de este con estructuras anatómicas próximas. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de un OO del retropié puede asegurarse cuando los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y de imagen son compatibles con la enfermedad. La termoablación está indicada en casos intracorticales o esponjosos en los que el nidus dista más de 1cm de la piel y de estructuras neurovasculares mayores. En el resto de casos una resección abierta o artroscópica sería de elección

Objectives: 1) to set a reminder of the diagnostic approach to osteoid osteomas (OOs) of the foot; 2) to define the indications of treatment for hindfoot OOs. Material and method: 5 OOs were checked (3 cases located in the talus and two cases in calcaneus). The diagnosis was established by clinical and imaging data. In all cases, a calcified nidus was identified on CT, perilesional bone oedema on MRI and focal scintigraphic uptake. Two cases were treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and 3 cases with surgical resections: two open surgeries and one arthroscopic surgery. Clinical and oncological outcomes were evaluated at the end of the follow-up. Results: No complications were reported. The clinical outcome was excellent in all cases. One patient was initially treated with open surgery and then subsequently with RFA due to failure of the procedure. There were no recurrences after an average follow-up time of 4 years and 8 months (range, 1-12 years). Discussion: Hindfoot OOs are uncommon and their diagnosis is based on clinical data in conjunction with characteristic imaging findings. Their treatment choices depend on the location of the nidus and relationships with nearby anatomical structures. Conclusions: The diagnosis of an OO of the hindfoot can be ensured when the epidemiological, clinical and imaging data are compatible with this pathological entity. RFA is indicated for intracortical or cancellous cases in which the nidus is more than 1cm off the skin and significant neurovascular structures. For all other cases an open surgical resection or arthroscopic resection would be the first choice

Diagnosis and treatment of hindfoot osteoid osteoma: A therapeutic method for each case. / Diagnóstico y tratamiento de los osteomas osteoides del retropié: un método terapéutico para cada caso.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to set a reminder of the diagnostic approach to osteoid osteomas (OOs) of the foot; 2) to define the indications of treatment for hindfoot OOs. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 5 OOs were checked (3 cases located in the talus and two cases in calcaneus). The diagnosis was established by clinical and imaging data. In all cases, a calcified nidus was identified on CT, perilesional bone oedema on MRI and focal scintigraphic uptake. Two cases were treated with radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and 3 cases with surgical resections: two open surgeries and one arthroscopic surgery. Clinical and oncological outcomes were evaluated at the end of the follow-up. RESULTS: No complications were reported. The clinical outcome was excellent in all cases. One patient was initially treated with open surgery and then subsequently with RFA due to failure of the procedure. There were no recurrences after an average follow-up time of 4 years and 8 months (range, 1-12 years). DISCUSSION: Hindfoot OOs are uncommon and their diagnosis is based on clinical data in conjunction with characteristic imaging findings. Their treatment choices depend on the location of the nidus and relationships with nearby anatomical structures. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis of an OO of the hindfoot can be ensured when the epidemiological, clinical and imaging data are compatible with this pathological entity. RFA is indicated for intracortical or cancellous cases in which the nidus is more than 1cm off the skin and significant neurovascular structures. For all other cases an open surgical resection or arthroscopic resection would be the first choice.

Active study: undetected prevalence and clinical inertia in the treatment of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP).

AIMS: To prove if there is clinical inertia in the identification and treatment of episodes of breakthrough cancer pain (BTcP), comparing actual results from clinical practice with clinical oncologists' prior perception. DESIGN: Observational and descriptive study, using information collected by practising medical oncologists, at three moments: (a) questionnaire regarding their professional judgement of the handling of patients with BTcP in their practice, (b) cross-sectional clinical screening, to detect possible existing cases of BTcP in a representative sample of their patients, (c) retrospective self-audit of clinical case histories of patients diagnosed with BTcP to find out about how it has been handled. PARTICIPANTS AND STUDY PERIOD: A random sample on a state level of 108 specialists in medical oncology. 540 patients who suffer some type of cancer pain on the designated study date for each specialist (July-December 2016). RESULTS: The global prevalence of BTcP in the study sample covered 91.3% of the patients who were suffering some type of cancer pain. Barely 2% of the doctors surveyed suspected figures around this mark. 40.9% of the cases had not been previously detected as BTcP by their doctors. Although 90% of the patients who had previously been diagnosed with BTcP received a specific analgesic treatment for the symptoms, 42% of those patients with known BTcP were not able to control their episodes of pain. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical inertia is a serious problem in the handling of BTcP in medical oncology services, where it is the subject of a significantly low level of detection and treatment, despite the contrasting perception of specialists.

Carcinoma adenoideo quístico pulmonar primario con metástasis precoces exclusivas hepáticas, un caso inusual / Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of bronchus with early liver metastases, an unusual case

RESUMEN El carcinoma adenoideo quístico (CAQ) es una patología propia de las glándulas salivales, casos excepcionales se han descrito como primarios en otras partes de la economía. Este es un caso de CAQ primario pulmonar (CAQPP), con respuesta parcial a radioterapia, además, presenta metástasis hepáticas, sin evidenciarse lesiones de metástasis en otras partes del organismo. Tales características hacen que debamos prestar atención a las formas atípicas de CAQ sobre todo al CAQPP y a su comportamiento poco predecible.

ABSTRACT Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a pathology of the salivary glands, exceptional cases have been described as primary of the bronchus. This is a case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree (PACCTBT), with partial response to radiation therapy, in addition, presents liver metastases, without evidence of metastasis injuries in other parts of the body. Such characteristics mean that we should pay attention to the atypical forms of ACC, especially PACCTBT and its unpredictable behavior.

The results of osteotomy at the base of femoral neck with osteoplasty in restoration of abductor function and strength in slipped capital femoral epiphysis.

AIMS: The aims of this study were to evaluate the abductor function in moderate and severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), comparing the results of a corrective osteotomy at the base of the femoral neck and osteoplasty with 1) in situ epiphysiodesis for mild SCFE, 2) contralateral unaffected hips, and 3) hips from healthy individuals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 24 patients (mean age 14.9 years (sd 1.6); 17 male and seven female patients) with moderate or severe SCFE (28 hips) underwent base of neck osteotomy and osteoplasty between 2012 and 2015. In situ epiphysiodesis was performed in seven contralateral hips with mild slip. A control cohort was composed of 15 healthy individuals (mean age 16.5 years (sd 2.5); six male and nine female patients). The abductor function was assessed using isokinetic dynamometry and range of abduction, with a minimum one-year follow-up. RESULTS: We found no differences in mean peak abductor torque between the hips that underwent osteotomy and those that received in situ epiphysiodesis (p = 0.63), but the torque was inferior in comparison with contralateral hips without a slip (p < 0.01) and hips from control individuals (p < 0.001). The abduction strength was positively correlated with the range of hip abduction (R = 0.36; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Although the abductor strength was not restored to normal levels, moderate and severe SCFE treated with osteotomy at the base of the femoral neck and osteoplasty showed abductor function similar to in situ epiphysiodesis in hips with less severe displacement. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:1524-32.